Answers for what parents actually search. Each guide explains the common signs, when to seek care, and which paediatric specialist can help.
ADHD can affect attention, activity level, impulse control and daily functioning. Many children are energetic or distracted at times, so assessment looks for a persistent pattern across more than one setting, beginning in childhood and causing meaningful difficulty at home, school or with relationships.
Read guide Breathing & allergyAllergies happen when the immune system reacts to a usually harmless substance. In children, symptoms may affect the nose, eyes, skin, lungs or digestive system. The pattern, timing and suspected trigger matter more than a single isolated symptom.
Read guide Blood & oncologyAnaemia means the blood has too little haemoglobin or too few healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen effectively. Iron deficiency is common, but anaemia can also result from inherited blood disorders, inflammation, blood loss, nutritional deficiency or increased red-cell breakdown.
Read guide Breathing & allergyAsthma in children can cause recurring cough, wheezing, chest tightness or breathing difficulty. Symptoms may appear at night, during exercise, with infections or after exposure to a trigger. A paediatric assessment helps distinguish asthma from other causes of wheeze and cough.
Read guide DevelopmentAutism-related signs can involve social communication, interaction, play, sensory responses and repetitive patterns of behaviour. One sign by itself does not diagnose autism. A developmental assessment looks at the child's full pattern of strengths, needs and development.
Read guide Kidney & urinaryNight-time bedwetting is common in younger children and is not the child's fault. Assessment becomes more useful when it persists beyond the expected age, begins again after a long dry period, occurs with daytime symptoms, constipation, urinary infection, excessive thirst or sleep concerns.
Read guide Gut & digestionBlood in stool can result from a small anal fissure caused by hard stool, infection, food-protein reactions in infants, inflammation or other digestive conditions. Colour, amount, pain, stool consistency and the child's overall condition help determine urgency.
Read guide HeartMost chest pain in children is not caused by the heart. Common causes include chest-wall strain, inflammation, cough, asthma, reflux and anxiety. Pain during exercise, fainting, palpitations, breathing difficulty or a significant family history needs more careful assessment.
Read guide Blood & oncologyMost childhood symptoms are not cancer. However, persistent, unexplained or progressive combinations of symptoms should be assessed. Warning signs can include unusual pallor, bruising, prolonged fever, unexplained weight loss, persistent bone pain, a growing lump, recurring headaches with vomiting or changes in vision and balance.
Read guide Blood & oncologyLeukaemia is a cancer of blood-forming cells and is the most common group of childhood cancers. Symptoms can overlap with common illnesses, so diagnosis requires blood and bone-marrow evaluation. Treatment depends on the exact type, genetic features, risk group and response to therapy.
Read guide Gut & digestionCoeliac disease is an immune reaction to gluten that damages the small intestine in genetically susceptible people. Children may have diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal pain, poor growth, anaemia or few digestive symptoms. Accurate testing usually requires the child to still be eating gluten.
Read guide HeartCongenital heart disease describes structural heart differences present from birth. Some are detected before birth or soon after delivery, while others are found later through a murmur, growth concern, breathlessness or reduced exercise tolerance. Severity and treatment vary widely.
Read guide Gut & digestionConstipation in children means stools are too hard, painful, infrequent or difficult to pass. It can also lead to stool withholding, abdominal pain, poor appetite or soiling. Many cases improve with a structured plan, but persistent or complicated constipation should be assessed rather than treated only with repeated short-term remedies.
Read guide DevelopmentDevelopmental delay means a child is reaching one or more milestones later than expected in movement, language, learning, social interaction or self-care. Children develop at different rates, but persistent gaps, loss of skills or concerns across several areas deserve assessment.
Read guide Gut & digestionDiarrhoea means passing stools that are looser or more frequent than usual. In children it is commonly caused by infection, but food intolerance, medicines, inflammation and other digestive conditions can also contribute. The immediate priority is preventing dehydration while watching for blood, severe pain, persistent vomiting or a child who is becoming unusually sleepy.
Read guide Brain & nervesEpilepsy is a neurological condition in which a child has an ongoing tendency to experience seizures. Seizures can look very different, from obvious jerking to brief staring or unusual behaviour. The goal of care is accurate classification, the right treatment and a practical safety plan that supports ordinary childhood.
Read guide Breathing & allergyFood allergy is an immune reaction that can cause hives, swelling, vomiting, cough, wheeze or anaphylaxis soon after eating a trigger food. Food intolerance can cause digestive symptoms without the same immune mechanism. Diagnosis combines a careful reaction history with targeted testing and, in selected cases, supervised food challenge.
Read guide Growth & hormonesGrowth hormone deficiency is one possible cause of slow height gain. Most short children do not have this condition. Assessment begins with accurate growth measurements, growth rate, family pattern, nutrition, general health and pubertal stage before specialised hormone testing is considered.
Read guide VaccinationThe IAP vaccination schedule is a clinical reference used by paediatricians in India to guide immunisation from birth through childhood and adolescence. A schedule is not a substitute for an individual review because the right timing depends on age, previous doses, health conditions, travel and missed vaccines.
Read guide General paediatricsJaundice is yellowing of the skin or eyes caused by increased bilirubin. Beyond the expected newborn period, it can be linked to liver inflammation, bile-flow problems, infection, medicines or increased breakdown of red blood cells. Dark urine, pale stool, abdominal swelling or illness increase urgency.
Read guide Blood & oncologyPlatelets help blood clot. A low platelet count can occur after infection, with immune thrombocytopenia, medicine effects, bone-marrow conditions and several other causes. The count, bleeding symptoms and the rest of the blood report determine urgency; a low count does not by itself mean cancer.
Read guide Brain & nervesMigraine can occur in children and may cause throbbing or severe headache, nausea, sensitivity to light or sound and a need to rest. Some children have abdominal symptoms or an aura. Diagnosis is based mainly on the pattern and neurological examination, while tests are reserved for specific concerns.
Read guide Kidney & urinaryNephrotic syndrome is a kidney condition in which a large amount of protein is lost in urine, leading to low blood protein and swelling. Children often need medicine, urine monitoring and follow-up because the condition can relapse.
Read guide Growth & hormonesPrecocious puberty means signs of puberty begin earlier than expected. Early breast development, testicular enlargement, pubic hair, rapid growth, body odour or bleeding may need assessment depending on the child's age and pattern. Early evaluation helps distinguish normal variation from a condition that needs monitoring or treatment.
Read guide Breathing & allergyA recurrent cough in a child can follow repeated viral infections, asthma, allergy, sinus or nasal symptoms, reflux, environmental exposure or another respiratory condition. The timing, sound, duration and effect on sleep or activity help guide evaluation.
Read guide Brain & nervesA seizure is a sudden episode caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It may involve stiffening, jerking, staring, loss of awareness, unusual movements or a sudden change in behaviour. One seizure does not automatically mean epilepsy, but a first seizure should be medically assessed.
Read guide DevelopmentSpeech delay means a child is using fewer sounds, words or sentences than expected for age. Some children catch up, while others need assessment for hearing, language, developmental or neurological factors. Understanding how the child communicates is more useful than comparing one word count in isolation.
Read guide Gut & digestionStomach pain in a child can come from constipation, infection, food-related problems, reflux, inflammation, stress or functional abdominal pain. The location, timing, severity, bowel pattern, appetite, growth and associated symptoms help determine the likely cause.
Read guide Blood & oncologyThalassaemia is an inherited condition affecting haemoglobin production. Some children are healthy carriers, while others develop significant anaemia and may need regular transfusions and long-term monitoring. The exact type is determined through blood testing and, when appropriate, genetic evaluation.
Read guide Growth & hormonesThyroid hormones influence growth, energy, metabolism and development. Children can have an underactive or overactive thyroid, but symptoms overlap with many common conditions. Diagnosis depends on clinical assessment and appropriate blood tests.
Read guide Growth & hormonesType 1 diabetes occurs when the body can no longer make enough insulin. Symptoms may develop over days or weeks and include excessive thirst, frequent urination, new bedwetting, weight loss and tiredness. Vomiting, abdominal pain, deep breathing or unusual drowsiness can signal diabetic ketoacidosis and need emergency care.
Read guide Kidney & urinaryA urinary tract infection, or UTI, can affect the bladder or kidneys. Symptoms vary with age and may include fever, pain while urinating, frequent urination, abdominal or back pain, vomiting or unexplained illness in a young child. Correct urine collection and culture are important before labelling recurrent infection.
Read guide Gut & digestionVomiting in children is common during infections but can also be linked to reflux, food-related illness, migraine, medicines, digestive obstruction or other medical conditions. The child's age, hydration, colour of the vomit, pain and associated symptoms determine how urgently the child should be assessed.
Read guide Breathing & allergyWheezing is a high-pitched sound caused by narrowed airways, usually heard while breathing out. Viral infections are a common trigger in young children, while recurrent episodes may be associated with asthma, allergy or other airway conditions. The child's age, breathing effort and pattern of recurrence guide evaluation.
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